APT Repository for Old Ubuntu Releases

To get back on the repository train, edit your /etc/apt/sources.list and
replace all instances of archive.ubuntu.com and security.ubuntu.com with the very fitting old-releases.ubuntu.com. After that, run sudo apt-get update and watch the repository indexes roll in!

Here is an example of an updated /etc/apt/sources.list for Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper):

## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch updated software from the network deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted ## Uncomment the following two lines to fetch major bug fix updates produced ## after the final release of the distribution. deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'universe' ## repository. ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security ## team. deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper universe deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper universe deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security universe deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security universe deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper multiverse deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper multiverse deb http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

local network repository:

deb http://192.168.0.10/ubuntu hardy main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://192.168.0.10/ubuntu hardy-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://192.168.0.10/ubuntu hardy-security main restricted universe multiverse

Extra Repositories

In addition to the officially supported package repositories available for Ubuntu, there exist additional community-maintained repositories which add thousands more potential packages for installation. Two of the most popular are the Universe and Multiverse repositories. These repositories are not officially supported by Ubuntu, but because they are maintained by the community they generally provide packages which are safe for use with your Ubuntu computer.

	Packages in the Multiverse repository often have licensing issues that prevent them from being distributed with a free operating system, and they may be illegal in your locality.
	Be advised that neither the Universe or Multiverse repositories contain officially supported packages. In particular, there may not be security updates for these packages.

Many other package sources are available, sometimes even offering only one package, as in the case of package sources provided by the developer of a single application. You should always be very careful and cautious when using non-standard package sources, however. Research the source and packages carefully before performing any installation, as some package sources and their packages could render your system unstable or non-functional in some respects.
By default, the Universe and Multiverse repositories are enabled but if you would like to disable them edit /etc/apt/sources.list and comment the following lines:

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy universe multiverse

deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy universe multiverse

Free Proxy
Lega rasanya koneksi internet di tempat saya bekerja, sebelumnya sempat setres mikir tiap LAB dengan jumlah 20 PC dihidupkan dan semuanya terkoneksi dengan internet (Speedy dengan kecepatan rata-rata 500 Kbp/s s.d. 850 Kbp/s) apa yang terjadi? Koneksi langsung drop putus sambung putus sambung dalam tenggang waktu per 5 menit, bayangkan, pasti susahkan?
Nah... kini setelah muter-muter browsing, akhirnya menemukan juga solusinya, banyak beberapa alternatif tapi akhirnya saya putuskan untuk menggunakan FreeProxy Internet Suite.
Awalnya agak kesulitan, tapi Alhamdulillah, setelah merenung sejenak di sudut sekolah entah dapat angin segar dari mana datangnya akhirnya dapat inspirasi juga.
Intinya, membagi koneksi internet dari satu PC ke PC yang lain dalam satu LAN dalam satu LAB, dan pada PC yang dijadikan ROUTER cukup menggunakan 1 (satu) NIC gak perlu harus dobel NIC yang dishare begitu saja tetep tidak membuahkan hasil, tetapi saat PC router diinstall proxy hasilnya memuaskan.

YANG PERTAMA
Install FreeProxy setelah terinstall jangan dijalankan dulu, seting dulu TCP/IP pada Local Area Connection lihat gambar berikut untuk lebih jelasnya

Klik pada Properties

Dobel klik Internet Protokol (TCP/IP)

Pada bagian ini isikan IP Address sesuai dengan LAN pada LAB misal pada LAN LAB Anda menggunakan Network 192.168.2.0/27 dengan jumlah komputer 20 - 30 maka pada PC Router yang terinstall proxy isikan IP address-nya dengan 192.168.2.30/27 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 Default gateway isikan dengan IP public, misal IP pada modem ADSL 192.168.1.1/24 untuk koneksi internetnya, kemudian isikan Preferred DNS server: 202.134.1.10 atau yang lainnya, Alternate DNS server: 202.134.0.155 atau yang lainnya.


Selanjutnya klik Advanced

Tambahkan satu IP lagi pada IP addresses: 192.168.1.2 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 ini berfungsi agar PC Router dalam satu network dengan modem ADSL sehingga bisa terkoneksi dengan modem, selanjutnya klik OK dan coba buka browser, jika bisa koneksi internet maka PC Router siap untuk berbagi. Selanjutnya.....

YANG KEDUA
Saatnya buka aplikasi FreeProxy Internet Suite yang baru saja Anda install, dan perhatikan gambar berikut

Dobel klik Proxy pada kolom Type maka tampil gambar berikut


Perhatikan pada Client Port: 8080 ini yang akan menentukan port yang digunakan pada client, Anda bisa mengubahnya sesuai selera, tentunya masih dalam kaidah-kaidah yang berlaku.
Kemudian pada Local binding pilih nama NIC yang Anda gunakan pilih IP local yang digunakan PC Router (192.168.2.30), pada Remote binding pilih juga nama NIC yang digunakan pilih IP yang terhubung dengan modem (192.168.1.2), dan selanjutnya klik Done. Kemudian jalankan FreeProxy dengan menekan Start/Stop. Klik tombol Start pada Service mode maka proxy Anda sudah aktiv.

YANG KETIGA
Setting proxy pada browser client :
1. Mozilla :
Tools -- Option -- Advanced -- Network -- Settings kemudian pilih Manual proxy configuration seperti pada gambar berikut

isi pada HTTP Proxy dengan IP Router 192.168.2.30 Port 8080 contreng Use this proxy server for all protocols, selanjutnya klik OK
2. Internet Explorer :
Tools -- Internet Options -- Connections -- klik LAN Settings



beri tanda contreng Use a proxy server for your LAN pada Proxy server dengan IP 192.168.2.30 port 8080 dan dilanjutkan klik tombol OK.

Untuk meningkatkan performa bisa ditambahkan CACHE, klik Cache

Contreng Activate the cache, pilih folder atau buat folder baru dalam contoh saya menggunakan folder pada drive C:\\Cache pada Cache Control Path dan Cache Data Path, pada Cache Management pilih Continuous, setelah itu klik tombol Done.
Dan akhirnya selesai sudah langkah-langkah installasi proxy, contoh-contoh pada gambar terlihat tidak sama pada IP Address yang saya ilustrasikan, ini dikarenakan komputer yang saya gunakan untuk artikel ini bukan PC Router yang saya gunakan, jadi harap maklum.

Setting Router CISCO

OSPF Routing

Routing Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) adalah sebuah routing protocol standard terbuka yang telah diimplementasikan oleh sejumlah besar vendor jaringan. Alasan untuk mengkonfigurasi OSPF dalam sebuah topologi adalah untuk mengurangi overhead (waktu pemrosesan) routing, mempercepat convergance,serta membatasi ketidakstabilan network disebuah area dalam suatu network.

OSPF Message Encapsulation terjadi pada lapisan data-link dengan nomor protocol 89. Data field ini dapat berisi salah satu dari lima tipe paket OSPF. Pada IP packet header, alamat tujuannya mempunyai dua alamat multicast yaitu 224.0.0.5 dan 224.0.0.6 namun yang diset cukup salah satu dari alamat tersebut. Bila paket OSPF diencapsulasi di sebuah frame Ethernet, alamat tujuan dari MAC address juga merupakan sebuah alamat multicast, yaitu 01-00-5E-00-00-05 dan 01-00-5E-00-00-06. Semua paket OSPF mempunyai 24 byte yang berisikan informasi yang diperlukan. Packet header ini terdiri dari berbagai bidang seperti jenis-jenis paket OSPF, router ID serta alamat IP dari router yang mengirimkan paket.

Ada 5 tipe paket yang digunakan OSPF, yaitu :

*. Hello packet -> untuk menemukan serta membangun hubungan antar tetangga router OSPF.

*. Database Description (DBD)-> untuk mengecek singkronisasi database antar router.

*. Link-State Request (LSR) -> meminta spesifikasi link-state records antara router satu dengan yang lain.

*. Link-State Update (LSU) -> mengirimkan permintaan spesifikasi link-state records.

*. Link-State Acknowledgement (LSAck) -> menerima paket link-state.

OSPF adalah salah satu dari Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) yang biasanya digunakan untuk routing protocol dalam satu routing domain yang sama.

Terdapat 2 macam routing protocol, yaitu Distance Vector dan Link State. Distance vector menggunakan kalkulasi distance atau jarak serta outgoing interface untuk memilih jalur yang paling baik ke network tujuan. Contoh dari Distance Vector adalah RIP, IGRP, dan EIGRP.

Link State memantau status dan tipe koneksi setiap link, kemudian membuat kalkulasi metric berdasarkan informasi tersebut. Contoh dari Link State adalah OSPF.

Router R1

R1(config)#router rip

R1(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0

R1(config-router)#network 150.72.21.0

R1(config-router)#end

Router R2

R2(config)#router rip

R2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0

R2(config-router)#network 150.72.21.0

R2(config-router)#end

Router(config)# router ospf process_ID

Router(config-router)# network IP_address wildcard_mask area area_#

(1841Router0) Hostname R1

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#hostname R1

R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

R1(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up

R1(config-if)#exit

R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0

R1(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000

R1(config-if)#bandwidth 64

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to down

R1(config-if)#exit

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up

R1(config)#router ospf 1

R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

R1(config-router)#exit

R1(config)#

(2620XM-Router1) Hostname R2

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#hostname R2

R2(config)#interface serial 0/0

R2(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0

R2(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, 
changed state to up

R2(config-if)#exit

R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

R2(config-if)#ip address 30.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

R2(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

R2(config-if)#exit

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up

R2(config)#router ospf 2

R2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

R2(config-router)#network 3

00:03:10: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 2, Nbr 20.0.0.1 on Serial0/0 from

 LOADING to FULL, Loading Done0.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

R2(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

R2(config-router)#exit

R2(config)#

(2620XM-Router2)Hostname R3

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#hostname R3

R3(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

R3(config-if)#ip address 30.0.0.2 255.0.0.0

R3(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up

R3(config-if)#interface serial 0/0

R3(config-if)#ip address 40.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

R3(config-if)#clock rate 64000

R3(config-if)#bandwidth 64

R3(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to down

R3(config-if)#exit

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0, 
changed state to up

R3(config)#router ospf 3

R3(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

R3(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

00:04:53: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 3, Nbr 30.0.0.1 on FastEthernet0/0 from

 LOADING to FULL, Loading D

R3(config-router)#exit

R3(config)#

%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

R3#

(2811Router3) Hostname R4

Router>enable

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 40.0.0.2 255.0.0.0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

Router(config-if)#ip address 50.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0,
changed state to up

Router(config-if)#exit

R4(config)#router ospf 4

R4(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

R4(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

R4(config-router)#

00:06:32: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 4, Nbr 40.0.0.1 on Serial0/0/0 from

LOADING to FULL, Loading Done

R4(config-router)#exit

R4(config)#

PC-1

PC>ipconfig

IP Address......................: 10.0.0.2

Subnet Mask.....................: 255.0.0.0

Default Gateway.................: 10.0.0.1

PC>ping 50.0.0.2

PC-2

PC>ipconfig

IP Address......................: 50.0.0.2

Subnet Mask.....................: 255.0.0.0

Default Gateway.................: 50.0.0.1

PC>ping 10.0.0.2

R4#show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is "ospf 4"

  Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set

  Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set

  Router ID 50.0.0.1

  Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa

  Maximum path: 4

  Routing for Networks:

    50.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

    40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

  Routing Information Sources:

    Gateway         Distance      Last Update

    40.0.0.1             110      00:01:26

  Distance: (default is 110)

R4#show ip route

Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

       D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area

       N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2

       E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP

       i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area

       * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR

       P - periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set

O    10.0.0.0/8 [110/1564] via 40.0.0.1, 00:02:37, Serial0/0/0

O    20.0.0.0/8 [110/1563] via 40.0.0.1, 00:02:37, Serial0/0/0

O    30.0.0.0/8 [110/782] via 40.0.0.1, 00:02:37, Serial0/0/0

C    40.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0/0/0

C    50.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

R4#

Configuration command of OSPF

Commands	Descriptions
Router(config)#router ospf 1	Starts OSPF process 1. The process ID is any positive integer value between 1 and 65,535.
Router(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0	OSPF advertises interfaces, not networks. Uses the wildcard mask to determine which interfaces to advertise.
Router(config-if)#ip ospf hellointerval timer 20	Changes the Hello Interval timer to 20 seconds.
Router(config-if)#ip ospf deadinterval 80	Changes the Dead Interval timer to 80 seconds.
NOTE: Hello and Dead Interval timers must match for routers to become neighbors
Router#show ip protocol	Displays parameters for all protocols running on the router
Router#show ip route	Displays a complete IP routing table
Router#show ip ospf	Displays basic information about OSPF routing processes
Router#show ip ospf interface	Displays OSPF info as it relates to all interfaces
Router#show ip ospf interface fastethernet 0/0	Displays OSPF information for interface fastethernet 0/0
Router#show ip ospf border-routers	Displays border and boundary router information
Router#show ip ospf neighbor	Lists all OSPF neighbors and their states
Router#show ip ospf neighbor detail	Displays a detailed list of neighbors
Router#clear ip route *	Clears entire routing table, forcing it to rebuild
Router#clear ip route a.b.c.d	Clears specific route to network a.b.c.d
Router#clear ip opsf counters	Resets OSPF counters
Router#clear ip ospf process	Resets entire OSPF process, forcing OSPF to re-create neighbors, database, and routing table
Router#debug ip ospf events	Displays all OSPF events
Router#debug ip ospf adjacency	Displays various OSPF states and DR/ BDR election between adjacent routers
Router#debug ip ospf packets	Displays OPSF packets